Understanding the Significance of 9 November In Berlin, history is present at different scales. A major memorial can shape an entire public space, while a small brass plaque in the pavement asks someone walking past to stop and read a name. Each November, these places take on particular significance. On 9–10 November 1938, the Nazi regime organized a wave of anti-Jewish violence across Germany and its annexed territories. Synagogues, businesses and homes were attacked, and Je